LTO CDE Exam Reviewer Questions | Comprehensive Driver’s Education Exam

Completing the Comprehensive Driver’s Education (CDE) course and acquiring a CDE certificate are among the requirements that the Land Transportation Office (LTO) has set for drivers who are intending to renew their expired licenses. To comply with this, one must complete the CDE course which includes a refresher seminar and an exam. The CDE course and examination are designed to ensure that only the qualified applicants with adequate driving skills, knowledge of road safety, and proper road etiquette can have their licenses renewed.

To secure a Comprehensive Driver’s Education (CDE) certificate, you must first pass the CDE Validation Exam. The CDE validation exam can be taken in person at the LTO Driver’s Education Center (DEC) in select LTO offices nationwide or online through the Land Transport Management System (LTMS) portal.

Table of Contents

Taking the LTO CDE Validation Exam

To help you secure the Comprehensive Driver’s Education (CDE) certificate, we have prepared this 100-question CDE Validation Exam Reviewer. This will help you prepare for when you take the CDE Validation Exam and secure the CDE certificate which will help you complete the requirements for your driver’s license renewal application.

The reviewer covers all the areas covered by the CDE course, which includes the following:

Road Safety
- Road etiquette, dealing with driving stress, and avoiding road rage
- The causes of traffic accidents and how to avoid them
- Engine breakdowns: what causes them and how to avoid them.
- Roadside emergencies: how to respond and what to do in an emergency.
- A driver’s duties, responsibilities, and legal rights
Traffic Rules and Regulations
- Road discipline
- Identifying traffic signals, traffic signs, and road markings
- The proper use of highways and expressways.
Land Transportation-Related Laws
- RA 4136 – Traffic and administrative rules, policies and regulations, fines, penalties, and demerit system. Take special attention to over-speeding and overloading.
- Special laws on driving such as the Anti-Drunk and Drugged Driving Act (RA 10586), the Seatbelt Law (RA 8750), Anti-Distraction Driving Law (RA 10913), Child Safety in Motor Vehicle Act (RA 11229).

The passing score to secure a certificate is at least 80% which translates to at least 20 correct answers out of the 25 questions in the test. Do note that there is no time limit to answer the questions in the actual exam and the exam can be retaken for as many times as you please.

LTO CDE Validation Exam Reviewer (100 Questions)

1.) What are the three field sobriety tests?

Eye test, walk and turn, one leg stand
Eye test, running straight, jumping rope
Reading and Comprehension Test, Singing the National Anthem and Drinking one liter of fresh water

2.) When can a child be exempted to be seated in a child restraint system?

If the child will be late for a medical appointment
If the child is going to school
If the child requires immediate medical treatment

3.) When does a driver need to wear a helmet when riding a motorcycle?

For long and short drives
For long or short drives and in any type of road or highway
For national road only

4.) This warning sign indicates that a driver has to take precautions as:

The driver is approaching a slippery road
The driver is approaching a dangerous curve
The driver is approaching a zigzag road

5.) Can a driver use a photocopy of driver’s license while driving?

No, unless authorized by the traffic enforcer
Yes, if the photocopy is the exact size and color of the original
No

6.) Registration of motor vehicle may be suspended if:

motor vehicle is too light to traverse the public roads
motor vehicle is not a front-wheel drive
motor vehicle is capable of causing excessive damage to public roads

7.) What is the initial Driver’s License Classification for applicants of a new license?

professional driver’s license (PDL)
Non professional driver’s license (NPDL)
either NPDL or PDL

8.) Where do you need to display your plate number?

one in front and one in the rear of the vehicle
two in front
one in the front windshield and one at the back windshield

9.) Where should an auxiliary lamp installed on a motorcycle be directed at?

pointed leftward
pointed rightward
pointed upward

10.) What is the allowed age to apply for a Non Professional driver’s license?

16 years old
17 years old
20 years old

11.) How many hours may a Temporary Operator’s Permit (TOP) be used as a temporary driver’s license?

72 hours
48 hours
24 hours

12.) What shall be the validity of a license that a driver may have if he/she has traffic violation at the time of renewal?

10 years validity
5 years validity
3 years validity

13.) A red- colored curb marking means______.

No parking
No loading / unloading
Garage parking

14.) What should you do to maximize the use of your headlights?

clean brake pedal with oil lubricants
keep the windshield and mirrors clean
apply oil on the windshield or mirrors

15.) Can a driver be given a 10-year validity license if he/she has traffic violation/s?

No
Yes
Yes – if all penalties are paid 15 days prior to renewal

16.) This traffic sign means:

No overtaking zone
One-way traffic
Two-way traffic

17.) A fabricated storage compartment fitted behind the seat of a motorcycle that is considered as a motorcycle accessory:

Top Box
Customized Top-Box
Saddle Bags/Box

18.) Can you drive a motorcycle if your license bears DL Code B ?

Yes
No, unless authorized by a traffic enforcer
No

19.) If your vehicle is stopped at an intersection, in what color of traffic light can you compose your text messages?

None, texting is prohibited even if the vehicle is stopped at an intersection
Red, so that no one may be distracted
Yellow, so that texting may be done longer

20.) Which of the following statement is true?

A DL holder with authority to drive vehicles with manual transmission (MT) is not allowed to drive vehicles with automatic transmission (AT)
A DL holder with authority to drive vehicles with automatic transmission (AT) is allowed to drive vehicles with manual transmission (MT)
A DL holder with authority to drive vehicles with manual transmission (MT) is allowed to operate vehicles with automatic transmission (AT)

21.) Where can you park your vehicle?

at a designated parking area
within the intersection
within the driveway of a hospital

22.) Which of the following is the objective of Motor Vehicle User’s Charge Law?

Additional fund for personnel guarding the road weighing scale
To fund salaries of all traffic enforcers
To fund and prevent premature deterioration of the road

23.) Is it allowed to drive a motorcycle on a public road pending the release of the Certificate of Registration?

No
Yes
Yes, if travel authority is given by the dealer

24.) Motorcycle top box specifically designed for motorcycles and approved by DTI may not be subjected for inspection, registration or apprehension provided that:

It is securely attached to the motorcycle
It has a maximum capacity of two (2) full-faced helmets
All of the Above

25.) What violation may be applied if a driver passed the three field sobriety test?

disregarding traffic sign
driving under the influence
the initial traffic violation

26.) Can an expired child restraint system be used when it still looks in good shape?

Yes
No
Yes, provided that it is allowed by traffic enforcers

27.) Where should the number plate of a motorcycle be displayed?

At the fuel tank of motorcycle
At the rear of the motorcycle
At the engine cover of the motorcycle

28.) Registration of motor vehicle may be suspended if:

motor vehicle is found to be in conformity with regulations
motor vehicle is found to be unsightly
motor vehicle is not registered to the driver at the time of apprehension

29.) A storage compartment attached at the side of the motorcycle not higher than the seat of motorcycle that is considered as motorcycle accessory:

Top Box
Customized Top-Box
Saddle Bags/Box

30.) When can a child be exempted to be seated in a child restraint system?

If the child has a medical, mental, or psychological condition
If the child does not want to be in a child restraint system
If the family is going to a mall

31.) Where can you contest an alleged traffic violation?

at the traffic adjudication office concerned
on the street, before the traffic enforcer leaves
at any adjudication office

32.) Who is responsible if a motorcycle was used in the commission of a crime?

owner, driver and backrider
driver only
backrider and driver

33.) Who has the authority to confiscate a driver’s license during a normal traffic violation?

LTO Law Enforcement Officers or LTO Deputized Agents
Anybody, for as long as the violation is within the provisions of R.A. No. 4136
Anybody, for as long as the traffic enforcer is a permanent employee of the government

34.) Your license has just expired. Are you still authorized /allowed to drive to the nearest LTO to renew your driver’s license ?

Yes, so long as you abide with traffic rules
No
Yes, so long as you head straight to the nearest licensing office and make no other stops along the way

35.) What should a law enforcer do upon seizing a motorcycle from a traffic offender?

Use the motorcycle temporarily
Surrender the motorcycle to authorities
Send the motorcycle to the impounding area

36.) Under R.A. No. 11229, What is the allowable age that a child may sit in front passenger seat of a car?

more than 12 years old
16 years old and above
18 years old and above

37.) What does this traffic sign mean?

Downhill road
Uphill road
Beware of downward vehicles

38.) This regulatory sign means:

No Entry for Vehicles with Gross Axle Load of More Than 2 Tons
No Entry for Vehicles with Gross Axle Load Less Than 2 Tons
Vehicles with Gross Axle Load More Than 2 Tons are allowed

39.) What is the violation of a driver overtaking at an intersection having a one lane direction?

Overtaking at an intersection
Obstruction
Disregarding traffic signals

40.) Who will win between two parties if they failed to overcome stress?

neither the aggressor nor the victim
adjudication officer
insurance company

41.) When may you lend your driver’s license?

In emergencies
Under no circumstances
To a person practicing to learn to drive

42.) What is the maximum height that a driver can install his mobile phone from the base of the dashboard?

2 inches
4 inches
6 inches

43.) What must you do approaching a blinking yellow traffic light?

proceed with caution
proceed at allowable maximum speed
stop and ask for help

44.) When parking, how many meters is allowed from the location of a fire hydrant?

more than one meter of the fire hydrant
more than four meters of the fire hydrant
there is no regulation as to where to park around the fire hydrant

45.) Under the Children’s Safety on Motorcycles Act, a child below 18 years old can’t ride in a two-wheeled motorcycle on public roads unless:

The child can comfortably reach his/her feet on the standard foot peg of the motor cycle, his/her arms can reach around and grasp the waist of the motorcycle driver, and he/she is wearing the standard protective helmet.
There is a high density of fast moving vehicles or where a speed limit of more than 60 kph is imposed.
The driver can grasp the waist of the child sitting in front of the driver and when the child is wearing the standard protective helmet.

46.) What should a driver do while another vehicle is trying to overtake?

Continue with current speed
Speed up
Drive on the shoulder of the road

47.) What does this traffic sign mean?

No U-turn
Roundabout ahead
No way out ahead

48.) When can a child be exempted to be seated in a child restraint system?

If the child will be late for a medical appointment
If the child is going to school
If the child requires immediate medical treatment

49.) Which of the following actions may result in road rage?

following a vehicle with enough space to maneuver
cutting off other vehicles or following too close
allowing other motorists to overtake with ease

50.) A 30-day suspension of the driver’s license shall be imposed if:

The traffic violation committed is grave
The driver fails to pay the corresponding penalty of the apprehension within 15 days
The driver fails to pay the fine within 72 hours

51.) When you are about to turn left then a fast-moving vehicle from the other side of the road suddenly heads to the direction you intended to turn. What will you do?

allow the fast-moving vehicle to pass
immediately turn right
drive fast to avoid the fast-moving vehicle

52.) Who is exempted from Republic Act No. 10666 or Children’s Safety on Motorcycle Act?

Child going to school
Child who needs to be transported for immediate medical attention
All of the above

53.) What shall be the color of auxiliary lamps installed at the front of a vehicle?

any color may do
red
white or yellowish white

54.) What is the maximum validity of license that a driver may have if he/she has no traffic violation at the time of renewal?

5 years validity
10 years validity
15 years validity

55.) Who are exempted from using seat belts?

Bus drivers
Motorcycle riders or tricycle drivers
SUV drivers

56.) What should you do if a friend-passenger request to be dropped off in a no loading and unloading zone?

Open the door and let the passenger jump
Do not open the door until vehicle reaches the correct zone
Shout at the passenger and open the door

57.) What is the primary objective of the Seat Belt Act?

To restrict the driver in times of road rage
To complete the practical driving course
To secure and safeguard the passengers and drivers of a motor vehicles

58.) What type of motor vehicles are covered by Motor Vehicle User’s Charge Law?

All motor vehicles registered with DPWH and LTO
All motor vehicles registered with LTO
All vehicles plying private roads

59.) These are the places that parking is not allowed.

Intersection, crosswalks
parking area, crosswalks
intersections, parking lots

60.) What driver’s license classification(s) are/is required to use the seat belts?

Both for professional and nonprofessional driver’s license holder
For public utility vehicle drivers only
For nonprofessional drivers only, particularly light vehicles

61.) What type of helmet should a rider must use?

Standard motorcycle helmet compliant to specifications of LTO
Standard motorcycle helmet compliant to specifications of DENR
Standard motorcycle helmet compliant to specifications of DTI

62.) Are you allowed to park at a bus or jeepney stop?

Yes, if permitted by the owner of establishment
Yes
No

63.) You are driving at a speed of 80 kph, along a municipal road, and suddenly a child crosses the street. What should you do ?

prepare to slow down
step on the brake
continue driving to prevent road crash

64.) What should a driver of a light vehicle do before overtaking a 6-wheeler truck?

Continue blowing the horn while overtaking
do not overtake if not properly seen
look at the side mirrors of the truck before overtaking

65.) What is the main purpose of having a vehicle undergo regular vehicle maintenance inspection?

to verify the chassis and engine numbers of the vehicle
to check the roadworthiness of the vehicle
to check the driver’s performance

66.) Driving a long and wide truck on a curve, you are about to turn and there is a motorcycle overtaking on a curve coming from the opposite direction. How do you react to this situation?

if possible, stop to avoid road crash
step on accelerator
blow your horn

67.) When you want to change or shift to higher gear to speed up, and a car in the opposite direction crosses quickly to your lane, what will you do?

be alert, stop and give way to the car crossing
insist on your right-of-way
turn left immediately

68.) When shall an Alcohol Breath Analyzer (ABA) be used?

When the enforcement officer insists that ABA is required
When the driver failed at least one of the field sobriety tests
When the driver passed all the field sobriety tests

69.) Where should you stay in an expressway with two lanes going in the same direction?

At the rightmost lane
At the leftmost lane
At the center of the highway

70.) Who has the first right of way when two vehicles coming from different directions approach an intersection at almost the same time?

the vehicle on the right
both
the vehicle on the left

71.) Which of the following is a quality of a defensive driver?

drivers with knowledge in financial management
drivers who pays taxes at the end of the month
drivers with positive attitude on road safety

72.) When do you need to use your seat belt?

When driving on a national road
When driving above 10 kph
While the engine is running and before moving off

73.) What is the height requirement for a child to be exempted to use a child restraint system?

100 cms and above
150 cms and above
180 cms and above

74.) What is the ultimate result of a road rage?

death
more friends
refreshment

75.) Is using a mobile phone illegal while driving?

Yes, if the driver failed to register the mobile phone with the LTO
Yes, if the driver is using a wireless gadget
Yes, if the driver is not using a hands-free mode for the mobile phone

76.) What will happen if the driver refuses to undergo mandatory testing, if such a driver is suspected of driving under the influence of liquor?

Revocation of vehicle registration
Confiscation of driver’s license and consequent automatic revocation
Suspension of driver’s license for two years

77.) How many hours may a Temporary Operator’s Permit (TOP) be used as a temporary driver’s license?

72 hours
48 hours
24 hours

78.) Can a driver who had the opportunity to avoid a road crash and neglected to avoid such road crash be jointly held liable?

Yes
No
None of the above

79.) What do you need to do upon parking and getting out of the vehicle?

lock all the doors
engage the parking brake
blow horn

80.) At an intersection, what should you do when an emergency vehicle is following you?

Stop
Cross the intersection first before giving the right of way
Wave at the emergency vehicle and advise it to wait

81.) At an intersection, what should you do when an emergency vehicle is following you?

Stop
Cross the intersection first before giving the right of way
Wave at the emergency vehicle and advise it to wait

82.) What should be the appropriate action when you see this traffic sign?

Slow down and be more alert than usual
Increase your speed
Blow your horn and resume your normal speed

83.) Can a driver allow a cyclist to hitch on his vehicle?

No, especially without permission from an enforcer
No, road crash may happen
No

84.) At a roundabout with multiple lanes, where should you stay if you are planning to turn right on the next intersection?

Anywhere
At the leftmost lane
At the rightmost lane

85.) Can a driver be given a 10-year validity license if he/she has traffic violation/s?

No
Yes
Yes – if all penalties are paid 15 days prior to renewal

86.) Is a driver allowed to load cargo more than the vehicle’s registered load capacity?

Yes
No
Yes, if the cargo is fragile or perishable

87.) When can a driver be allowed to use his mobile phone while driving?

Calling a brother to close all doors before sleeping
Calling authorities about a malfunctioning traffic light
Calling authorities to report a crime or road crash

88.) When you do not see the wheels of the vehicles in front of you, should you do?

Slow down and get back to a safe following distance
Turn your fog light on
Increase your speed until it becomes visible

89.) While driving with maximum speed and you have to stop suddenly, you should:

apply your brakes heavily with steady pressure
apply your foot and hand brakes gently with steady pressure
apply your brakes gently with steady pressure

90.) On a wet road, you must:

maintain speed
slow down
increase speed

91.) When planning to overtake a slower vehicle in front of you at night, you should:

blow your horn so he gets alerted
flick your dimmer, switch two or three times to signify your intention to the driver of the vehicle that you intend to overtake
put hazard lights on so he knows you’re about to overtake

92.) At an intersection without stop or yield signs, two cars reach the intersection at the same time. Which car has the right-of-way?

the car on the right
the car on the left
the car that slows down first

93.) A car is positioned in an intersection waiting to turn left when the traffic signal light turns red. Who should go first?

the driver caught in the intersection waiting to turn left
the driver making the right turn
the driver caught with the green light

94.) At an intersection without stop or yield signs, two cars approach from different streets. Which car has the right-of-way?

the vehicle already in the intersection
the vehicle on the left
the vehicle that slows down first

95.) The driver of a car traveling on a highway is required to yield to

any car coming out of a driveway
pedestrian
cars approaching an intersection from the left

96.) Before moving your car from a parked position, you should

check other traffic, signal and pull from curb when it is safe to do so
signal and pull from curb
sound your horn and pull from curb slowly

97.) The speed limit within a school zone during school days is

20 kph
25 kph
30 kph

98.) A good driving attitude of a driver is

drive slowly
drive defensively
take chances if possible

99.) Drivers gather most information with their

cars
eyes
hands

100.) Which of the following is most recommended in a way of dealing with fatigue on a long trip?

stop periodically for rest and exercise
eat much and drink a little alcoholic beverages
take an over-the-counter “keep awake” pill

Downloading the LTO CDE Validation Exam Reviewer PDF file

If you need to, you may download and print this LTO CDE Validation Exam Reviewer PDF file in case you prefer to review using the pen-and-paper approach. With this, you can practice anywhere and increase your chances of passing the LTO CDE Validation exam on your first take, too.

LTO CDE Online Validation Exam Reviewer PDF 2023 (English)

To check how well you did in this mock CDE Validation Exam, you may check and download the Answer Key we have prepared for you.

CDE Online Validation Exam Reviewer Answer Key (English)

Summary

Passing the LTO CDE Validation exam only requires getting 20 correct answers out of 25 questions. This reviewer was deliberately made much longer, in order to help you prepare better and avoid wasting time taking and retaking the test. After all, not everyone is blessed with the luxury of time, so it’s best if you can tick off one requirement from your list as soon as possible. In any case, it doesn’t take much to practice and make sure you secure a CDE certificate on your first attempt.

LTO TDC Exam Reviewer Questions | Theoretical Driving Course Exam

The Land Transportation Office (LTO) in the Philippines requires every person who wants to acquire an LTO driver’s license to take the mandatory 15-hour Theoretical Driving Course (TDC). Taking the TDC starts with securing an appointment for the TDC, then attending the course before taking the TDC exam, a culminating activity for the TDC. It is necessary to acquire a TDC certificate which is one of the documentary requirements for securing a driver’s license.

To help you prepare for the TDC written exam, we have created this LTO Driver’s License Theoretical Driving Examination Reviewer. This will give you a feel on what you are going to answer on an actual exam. The questions on this reviewer are categorized to make it easier for you, but the test questions will be randomized on the actual test.

Table of Contents

Theoretical Driving Course (TDC) Exam Reviewer

This Theoretical Driving Course (TDC) Exam Reviewer is created with a goal of refreshing your driving and road safety knowledge as well as test your level of proficiency in the LTO concepts covered in the test. Note that for this test, you need to get at least thirty (30) out of forty (40) questions correctly if you are taking it as a requirement for the non-professional driver’s license. For those who are testing to prepare for a professional driver’s license application, then you need to make sure you get at least forty-five (45) out of sixty (60) questions correctly in the exam.

Also read: LTO Online Exam Reviewer Questions

Theoretical Driving Course (TDC) Exam Reviewer (60 Questions)

Carefully read through each question to fully understand the given scenarios, and try to imagine it as if you were in a real situation before choosing the best possible answers.

General Knowledge

Throwing candy wrappers, or anything from your vehicle windows is:
A. forbidden at all times
B. forbidden only in the province
C. forbidden only in the cities

Public Service Law prohibits a public utility driver to converse with his passengers to assure utmost attention to the road, specifically while the vehicle is:
A. parked
B. climbing the mountain
C. in motion

The speed limit prescribed by law does not apply to a driver who is:
A. bringing his employer to an important official meeting
B. driving a vehicle who is in pursuit of a criminal
C. cruising along the highway where traffic is light

If you have a driver’s license, you can drive:
A. public vehicles only
B. any vehicle
C. vehicles according to their license type

While driving, what document should you always take with you?
A. Driver’s license
B. Driver’s license and vehicle insurance document
C. Driver’s license, vehicle registration, and a proof of recent payment to LTO for the vehicle

The Temporary Operator’s Permit (TOP) gives a driver an authorization to operate a motor vehicle for a period of time, not exceeding:
A. 72-hours from time and date of issue
B. one-week
C. 15 days

Which among the following is not a good trait of a driver?
A. Driving under the influence of alcohol
B. Driving while listening to music
C. Driving fast on a highway

A driver with Restriction Code No. 1 in his license is allowed to drive:
A. Motorcycle only
B. Truck
C. Cars

While driving at night, ignoring traffic lights could:
A. make you reach your destination faster
B. involve you in a vehicular accident
C. minimize your fuel consumption

All are effects of alcohol in driving, except:
A. Coordinated body movements and self judgment
B. Diminished concentration
C. Slow reaction time

Parking

A driver may load and unload passengers:
A. only before an intersection
B. wherever a passenger signals for a stop
C. only at designated spots

Parking is considered as a violation when a motor vehicle is parked at the entrance and exit of:
A. hospitals and fire stations
B. a commercial establishment
C. a residential building

Whenever parking your vehicle, always remember to:
A. shift the gear to neutral
B. turn off engine, and engage the handbrake
C. close the windows and doors

A driver __ park or stop at the side of the road within 6 meters of a crosswalk because it reduces visibility of pedestrians to the drivers.
A. is allowed to
B. is unsafe to
C. should not

You should never park:
A. on a pedestrian lane
B. on a two-way street
C. within 3-meters of a fire-hydrant

Before moving your car from a parked position, always remember to:
A. check other traffic signal and pull from curb only
when it is safe to do so
B. signal and pull immediately from curb
C. sound your horn and slowly pull from curb

Any vehicle is considered parked if:
A. the vehicle is stationary and remains inactive in place for an appreciable period of time
B. the vehicle is not moving while loading passengers
C. the vehicle is not moving while unloading passengers

What should you do when parking uphill and there is a curb?
A. Turn wheels to curb
B. Turn your front wheels away from the curb
C. Make your front wheels parallel to the curb

When parking downhill, you should turn your front wheels _ the curb.
A. towards
B. away from
C. on any direction from

A pre-trip inspection should be completed:
A. before and after driving the motor vehicle
B. after driving the motor vehicle
C. before driving the motor vehicle

Road and Traffic Rules

You were engaged in car racing while driving in a super highway, you will be apprehended because of what traffic violation?
A. Reckless driving
B. Gambling
C. Overspeeding

It refers to the amount of alcohol in a person’s blood.
A. Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC)
B. Blood Alcohol Count (BAC)
C. Blood Alcohol Intake (BAI)

A driver of a private motor vehicle with a gross vehicle weight not exceeding 4500 kg is apprehended. A BAC level of __ or higher shall be a conclusive proof that said driver is driving under the influence of alcohol.
A. 0.06%
B. 0.07%
C. 0.05%

A privately registered car utilized for hire and carriage of passengers or cargoes is referred to as a colorum vehicle, and is prohibited by law. Drivers caught operating such vehicle for the first time is penalized by:
A. a fine of Php 2,000 and suspension of his driver’s license for three months
B. cancellation of his driver’s license
C. a fine of Php 500

Sobriety tests require a person to stand on either right or left leg with both arms on the side. The driver is instructed to keep the foot raised about six (6) inches off the ground for thirty (30) seconds. What is this test called?
A. The 30-second stand
B. The one-leg stand
C. The balance test

You were apprehended due to overspeeding of your motorcycle. When you were asked for your driver’s license, you have nothing to show. You then made an alibi that you left it at home. What will be your violation?
A. Overspeeding
B. Overspeeding and driving without license
C. Driving without license

It refers to an act penalizing a person under the influence of alcohol, dangerous drugs, and similar substances.
A. R.A. no. 10586
B. R.A. no. 10585
C. R.A. no. 10584

A driver caught driving an unregistered motor vehicle will be penalized by:
A. a fine of 5,000 Php
B. suspension of his driver’s license for one month
C. a fine of 10,000 Php

If the driver is using a motor vehicle in committing a crime and is convicted, his driver’s license shall be:
A. revoked
B. confiscated
C. suspended

The owner of a privately registered motor vehicle that is utilized for hire is penalized by:
A. a fine of P2,000 and confiscation of vehicle plates
B. a fine of P300
C. confiscation of motor vehicle plates

Pedestrians on a school crossing requires a driver to:
A. stop and give way only to persons crossing from the drivers side of the road
B. stop only for children and give way to them from either direction
C. stop and do not proceed until all persons are completely clear off the crossing

32.When you intend to drive faster than the other vehicles, you should use which lane?
A. outermost (right) lane
B. center lane
C. innermost (left) lane

When approaching an intersection and the roadway beyond is noticeably blocked with traffic, you should _ until the traffic ahead moves on.
A. stay as close as possible to the car ahead
B. proceed slowly into the intersection
C. stop before the intersection and wait

When walking on a roadway where there is no sidewalk, pedestrians must always stay:
A. on the left side of the road
B. on the right side of the road
C. either way will do

According to the law, you can only drive fast when
A. you are in a hurry
B. there is no danger
C. you are under the speed limit

Road Safety While Driving

When driving at night, what should you do?
A. Drive within visibility range of your headlight only
B. Drive quicker as long as you are always prepared to step on the brakes
C. Drive as fast as you can get to your destination quickly

When can you drive off a paved roadway to pass another vehicle?
A. During emergency situations
B. Under no circumstances
C. When you want to get ahead of the traffic

When driving on mountain roads during daytime, you should:
A. blow your horn every 15 seconds
B. blow your horn repeatedly whenever you sense an oncoming vehicle
C. blow your horn when nearing a blind curve

When driving at night, you should remember to:
A. decrease your speed
B. drink coffee so you won’t fall asleep
C. always turn your headlights on

What does a defensive driver think?
A. always well rested and alert while driving
B. considers driving safely and defensively at all times
C. considers what other drivers might do and is preparing to do

You are approaching a flooded area and you have no other choice but to go through it, what should you do?
A. Increase your speed to get through immediately
B. Maintain your speed since you have water insulation anyway
C. Proceed at a very slow speed

When overtaking another motor vehicle, remember to:
A. never overtake from a tailgating position
B. never overtake another vehicle that has its hazard lights on
C. never overtake on the passing lane

Some drivers are constantly sounding their horns, especially if they are in a hurry. This is actually an offense that is only allowed when?
A. When done sparingly
B. When it is done as a warning to avoid accident
C. When in a hurry

Another car should be at least _ close before you dim your headlights.
A. 150 meter
B. 100 meter
C. 200 meters

What should you do when you are unable to see the wheels of the vehicles in front of you?
A. Slow down and get back to a safer distance
B. Turn your fog light on
C. Increase your speed until it becomes clearer

Road Safety During Emergencies

When a vehicle starts to skid, what should the driver do?
A. Immediately step on the brakes
B. Hold firmly onto the wheel while slowing down the vehicle
C. Turn the wheels tp the opposite the direction of the skid

In case of a breakdown, which of the following should not be done by a driver?
A. Stay in the car until help comes
B. Ask for help
C. Get out of the car until help comes

What should you do when you hear an ambulance siren coming up close behind you?
A. Stop abruptly
B. Speed up so that you don’t hold the ambulance
C. Pull over to the right and slow down or even stop if necessary

When a vehicle is stalled or disabled, the driver must park the vehicle on the shoulder of the road and:
A. switch on the parking light and install the Early Warning Device in front of the vehicle
B. install the early warning device
C. switch on the parking light and install the Early Warning Device in front and at the back of the motor vehicle

The vehicle you are driving is stalled on a two-way highway, you should place the Early Warning Device (EWD) where?
A. 8 meters at the back and front of the stalled vehicle
B. 6 meters at the back and front of the stalled vehicle
C. 4 meters at the back and front of the stalled vehicle

Road Signs and Markings

Which of the following best describes this road sign?
A. Train track warning
B. First aid station
C. Intersection warning

Which of the following best describes this road sign?
A. Animals cannot cross
B. Animal cage
C. Animal crossing

What does this road sign mean?
A. Road bends, prepare to go right and then left
B. Road close ahead, go right
C. You may travel beyond 30 kph

Which of the following best describes this road sign?
A. Bus cannot enter
B. Vehicles with trailer cannot enter
C. Cars cannot enter

What does this road sign mean?
A. Do not use horn
B. No U-turn
C. No parking

Two continuous parallel yellow lines on the roadway means:
A. you can overtake only on the left side
B. it is dangerous to overtake
C. you can overtake only on the right side

Which of the following best describes this road sign?
A. Steep gradient
B. Steep uphill gradient
C. Steep downhill gradient

When you see this sign, what should you do?
A. Stop only if other vehicles are approaching
B. Stop sign 150 meters ahead
C. Make a full stop at the intersection and proceed when traffic is clear

What does a solid white line on the right edge of the highway slopes towards your left means?
A. there is an intersection joint nearby
B. the road will get narrower
C. you are approaching a construction area

You may not cross a single broken white or yellow line:
A. when turning left into a driveway
B. when passing to the right on a one-way street
C. when crossing would interfere with traffic

Important Reminders

Do note that before you can secure the TDC certificate, you will need to get at least thirty (30) out of forty (40) items correctly (for the non-professional driver’s license), or Forty-five (45) out of Sixty (60) items (for the professional exam) correctly and pass the exam. Only when you do will you be able to secure a Theoretical Driving Course certificate.

If in case you fail, then please take note of the following guidelines:

If a driver’s license applicant is unable to meet the passing rate, retaking the test is allowed one month after the first attempt.

If unable to meet the passing rate on the second attempt, a driver’s license applicant can retake the exam and apply for a driver’s license within a year.

If unable to meet the passing rate on the third attempt, a driver’s license applicant has to wait for two years before they can be allowed to retake the test and re-apply for a license.

Downloading the LTO TDC Exam Reviewer PDF file

If you need to, you may download and print this CDE Validation Exam Reviewer PDF file in case you prefer to review using the pen-and-paper approach. With this, you can practice anywhere and increase your chances of passing the LTO CDE Validation exam on your first take, too.

Theoretical Driving Course (TDC) Exam Reviewer 2023 (English)

To check how well you did in this mock TDC Exam, you may download the Answer Key we have prepared for you.

Theoretical Driving Course (TDC) Exam Reviewer Answer Key (English)

Summary

Taking the Theoretical Driving Course (TDC) is a mandatory requirement of the LTO, not just because it teaches the best practices on the road, but also because it ensures that every license applicant understands the rules of the road. Passing the test after completing the course means the person is knowledgeable enough to be allowed on the open roads, too. In any case, it doesn’t take much practice to make sure you secure a TDC certificate on your first attempt.

Public Utility Bus (PUB) in the Philippines

Public Utility Buses (PUBs) in the Philippines are more than mere modes of transportation; they are the lifelines of the local communities, connecting urban centers and rural areas alike. PUBs are also credited for their important role in catering to the diverse transportation needs of the millions of commuting Filipinos. They serve as the primary means of commuting for the masses, bridging the gaps in accessibility, and enabling individuals to travel conveniently within and between cities and provinces.

The roles of PUBs extend beyond being a convenient means for moving people and things around. Buses also contribute to reducing traffic congestion by accommodating a large number of passengers in a single vehicle, thereby promoting a more efficient use of road space. Not only that, they also play a pivotal role in lowering carbon emissions compared to private vehicles, contributing to environmental sustainability. In this article, you can learn more about public utility buses, along with their functions, purpose, benefits, evolution, challenges, fares, features, and role in shaping the nation’s transit landscape.

What is a PUB: Public Utility Bus?

PUB is a public utility bus. This refers to the type of mass transit vehicle that operates on scheduled routes and provides transportation services to the general public for a fee, earning them the moniker of being the rolling arteries of urban transit. PUBs also contribute significantly to mass transit, providing a shared mode of transportation that helps reduce traffic congestion, particularly in urban areas.

Some of the key characteristics of Public Utility Buses (PUBs) include:

Routes: Arterial roads, highways, expressways, and collector roads.
Services: Regular, Airconditioned, Express, P2P, Shuttle, Loop, Premium, Limited Stop.
Fare Collection: Distance or zonal as LTFRB authorizes.
Body Make: Coach with specified features.
Features: GNSS, Wi-Fi, CCTV, AFCS, compliance standards, lay-over/garage requirements.
Year Model: Chassis and engine must be current.

From regular to air-conditioned, express to point-to-point (P2P), shuttle, loop, premium, and limited stop services, all types of Public Utility Buses (PUBs) follow predetermined routes, picking up and dropping off all types of passengers at designated stops but only on certain road types. Whether navigating the bustling streets of Metro Manila or traversing the scenic routes of provincial areas, the PUBs are regulated by the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB) and the Department of Transportation (DOTr), along with their routes, fares, safety standards, and other operational guidelines in order to ensure efficient coverage and fair service to people from different socio-economic backgrounds while facilitating the movement of people across the archipelago.

Functions of PUBs

Public utility buses (PUBs) serve a fundamental role in catering to the diverse transportation needs of Filipinos. As one of the primary means of commuting for millions of Filipinos, PUBs bridge the gaps in accessibility, enabling individuals to travel conveniently within and between cities and provinces.

Benefits of PUBs

The benefits of buses extend beyond their role in personal transportation. They contribute to reducing traffic congestion by accommodating a large number of passengers in a single vehicle, thereby promoting a more efficient use of road space. Buses also play a pivotal role in lowering carbon emissions compared to private vehicles, contributing to environmental sustainability.

Riding buses in the Philippines offers several advantages, making it a preferred mode of transportation for many:

Cost-Effective

Buses are generally more affordable than private transportation options, making them a cost-effective choice for daily commuting or long-distance travel.

Extensive Network

Buses cover a vast network of routes, connecting urban centers to rural areas. This extensive reach ensures accessibility for a wide range of passengers, even in remote locations.

Traffic Efficiency

PUBs can navigate through traffic more efficiently than private vehicles, especially during peak hours. Dedicated bus lanes and routes as well as express lanes and expressways all contribute to a smoother flow, reducing travel time for passengers.

Environmentally Friendly

Buses are a more sustainable option compared to individual cars. Carrying multiple passengers in a single vehicle helps reduce the overall carbon footprint and contributes to environmental conservation better compared to individual car travel,

Community Connection

Buses serve as a crucial link between communities, fostering social connectivity. They enable people to interact, share experiences, and contribute to a sense of shared identity among passengers.

Affordable Long-Distance Travel

For inter-city or inter-provincial travel, buses provide an economical option. Deluxe buses with modern amenities cater to those seeking comfort during longer journeys.

Inclusive Accessibility

Buses are designed to accommodate a diverse range of passengers, including those with disabilities. Efforts have been made to make public buses more accessible, promoting inclusivity in transportation.

Cashless Transactions

Some bus companies operating in the country have adopted cashless payment systems, adding convenience and efficiency to the boarding process. Like the BGC Bus as well as the EDSA Carousel which only uses smart cards, these PUBs also align with global trends toward digital transactions.

Reduced Traffic Congestion

Public Utility Buses (PUBs) play a crucial role in mitigating traffic congestion by accommodating a large number of passengers in a single vehicle. This shared mobility approach helps reduce the overall number of individual vehicles on the road, easing traffic flow.

Affordable Fares and Subsidies

The tiered fare system and government subsidies make bus travel an affordable option for various economic classes. This ensures that transportation remains accessible to a broad spectrum of the population.

Safety Measures and Regulations

Public utility buses are subject to safety regulations and standards, including regular inspections and adherence to traffic rules. This commitment to safety enhances the overall well-being of passengers and contributes to a secure public transportation environment.

Promotion of Shared Mobility

Buses promote shared mobility, encouraging people to travel together rather than in individual vehicles. This not only reduces traffic but also fosters a sense of community and shared responsibility for sustainable transportation practices.

While challenges exist, such as traffic congestion and the need for infrastructure improvements, the benefits of riding buses make them a practical and preferred choice for many commuters and travelers.

Evolution of PUBs

The evolution of buses in the Philippines is a journey marked by technological advancements and innovations. From its humble beginnings in the 1960s, to the modern air-conditioned buses equipped with comfortable amenities, the Philippine buses have undergone significant transformations to meet the changing needs of passengers.

The government, however, continues to commit substantial resources to modernize the nation’s bus systems, incorporating modern air-conditioned buses and introducing mobile payment solutions. This concerted effort has elevated the public utility buses into the preferred mode of public transportation for a considerable number of Filipinos.

Types of Public Utility Buses (PUBs) in the Philippines

The Philippines boasts a diverse array of bus types that cater to various transportation needs. Here are some prominent bus types commonly seen on the roads:

Air-Conditioned Buses

These buses provide a more comfortable and climate-controlled environment, making them popular for long-distance journeys between cities or provinces. They also sometimes offer more comfortable options, with amenities such as mounted televisions (TVs), reclining seats, more legroom, onboard restrooms, free Wi-Fi, La-Z-Boy seats, charging ports, and individual tablets with games, music, and movies as entertainment options.

Ordinary or Non-Air-Conditioned Buses

Commonly used for shorter distances, these buses are characterized by open windows and natural ventilation. They are a cost-effective option for daily commuting within urban areas or for travel to nearby towns as the fare prices are lower than other bus types, though they do not offer much in terms of comfort.

Express or Point-to-Point (P2P) Buses

P2P buses, also known as express buses, offer a direct, non-stop route between specific points, often connecting major urban centers. They are known for their efficiency and time-saving features.

Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) or EDSA Carousel

Found in major urban centers like Metro Manila, BRT systems use dedicated bus lanes to provide faster and more efficient transportation. They often have well-designed stations and employ advanced ticketing systems.

City Buses

City buses operate within urban centers, serving commuters for daily transit needs. They are designed for efficiency and often have multiple stops along fixed routes.

Provincial Buses

These buses connect different provinces, providing long-distance transportation services. They are equipped for extended travel and may vary in terms of amenities and comfort levels.

Double-Decker Buses

Mostly seen in tourist destinations, though they are now more commonly seen as part of the fleet of the premium point-to-point (P2P) bus lines, double-decker buses used to be more common in the old days, and were known in history as the Manila Motor Coach or Matorco buses plying Roxas Boulevard. The double deckers are an impeccable choice as they offer an elevated view and increased passenger capacity. They also provide a unique experience for travelers exploring scenic routes. Unfortunately, the double deckers have also evolved and the Matorco buses have long disappeared from the streets of Metro Manila.

Sleeper Buses

Designed for long-haul journeys, sleeper buses offer bunk-style sleeping arrangements for passengers. This type of bus is suitable for overnight travel, providing a restful experience. If you are wondering where to find one of these extra comfortable sleeper buses, then head on out to the Victory Liner website or terminal and check out their “Royal Class” buses with routes going from Cubao to Baguio and Kamias, Quezon City to Cagayan and vice versa or check out the Bicol Isarog sleeper bus.

Shuttle Buses

Commonly used for transporting employees or students between specific locations, shuttle buses follow fixed routes and schedules.

School Buses

Typically used to transport students to and from schools, these buses often have distinctive yellow color and safety features to accommodate children.

Tourist Buses

Equipped with features like large windows and tour guides, these buses cater specifically to tourists exploring popular destinations and attractions. They also offer tours—a convenient and informative way to experience the local culture and attractions.

Airport Shuttle Buses

These buses operate between airports and key locations within cities, offering a convenient and cost-effective means of transportation for air travelers.

Electric Buses

As part of efforts to promote sustainability, some areas in the Philippines are adopting electric buses. These electric buses contribute to reducing environmental impact and promoting eco-friendly transportation solutions in and around Metro Manila and some other major cities like Cebu and Davao.

Understanding the various types of public utility buses (PUBs) helps highlight the diversity in the country’s transportation system, addressing the unique needs of different communities and travelers. It also allows passengers to prepare and choose the most suitable option based on their travel requirements and preferences, as well as the nature of their journey.

Fares and Features

PUBs are known for providing a cost-effective means of transportation at a minimum fare of P12.00, making them accessible to a broad range of commuters. Fares are often regulated to ensure affordability for the general public.

Public Utility Bus (PUB) fares vary based on factors such as distance, route, and the type of bus service. The introduction of cashless payment systems and fare integration initiatives aims to streamline the payment process for passengers. Modern buses are equipped with features such as Wi-Fi, air conditioning, and accessibility features, enhancing the overall commuting experience.

Example of Bus Companies in the Philippines

Some of the most well-known bus companies operating in the Philippines are as follows:

1. Philippine Rabbit Bus Lines

A bus company known for its extensive route network connecting Luzon regions.

2. Victory Liner

A major player with services reaching Northern Luzon.

3. Genesis Transport Service

Renowned for its long-distance services to key provinces.

4. JAC Liner

Operating routes in Southern Luzon, including Batangas and Quezon.

5. Dionets Liner

Serving routes in the Bicol region.

6. Ceres Transport

A key player in Southern Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, connecting major cities.

7. Davao Metro Shuttle

Serving routes in Davao City and neighboring areas.

8. Bachelor Express

Catering to routes in Visayas and Mindanao.

9. Rural Transit Mindanao

A significant player in providing transportation services in Mindanao.

10. Southwest Tours (SWT)

Operating in Palawan, connecting key tourist destinations.

Reforms Regarding the PUBs

The key transformation in the Philippine bus transport sector occurred through the formalized liberalization efforts outlined in the Department of Transportation (DOTr), formerly known as Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC), via the Department Order No. 92-587. This order established the regulatory framework for transport services, addressing critical aspects such as:

Route-setting mechanism

The DOTr and LTFRB utilize the “Route Measured Capacity” model to determine routes based on estimated supply and demand for public transport.

Fare adjustment procedures

Public transport fares, excluding air-conditioned buses, are regulated. Under DO No. 92-587, the LTFRB is mandated to review and implement any fare adjustments.

Additional noteworthy reforms include:

Moratorium on the issuance of certificates of public conveyance (CPC), including a halt in 2000 for provincial buses and a nationwide moratorium through MC 2003-028, which also introduced the “Bus Rationalization Program” in 2003. This program aimed to reduce bus congestion on EDSA and included a moratorium on issuing certificates to operate for Metro Manila buses.

Reforms influencing the supply and cost of alternative transportation modes. This involves the implementation of projects providing alternatives to bus transport, such as the development of rail systems like LRT 2 and MRT 3, along with the promotion of AUVs (Asian Utility Vehicles).

Challenges

Despite their crucial role, buses face challenges such as traffic congestion, inadequate infrastructure, and the need for sustainability. Overcrowded routes and delays are issues that impact the overall efficiency of the bus system. The aggressive drivers competing for passengers and all the illegal stops they make when picking up passengers also often cause heavy traffic and accidents. Addressing these challenges requires a comprehensive approach, including infrastructure development and the integration of technology, which the government hopes to address via the new Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program (PUVMP)—an LTFRB program designed to consolidate the franchise and transport cooperatives into one and upgrade the public utility vehicles (PUVs) plying different routes all over the country.

Summary

As one of the vital contributors to the nation’s mobility and connectivity, buses are the rolling arteries and the lifelines of local inter- and intra-region transport. The PUBs are considered as the primary means of commuting, connecting urban and rural areas, and bridging the gaps in accessibility, which enables individuals to travel conveniently within and between cities and provinces. As the industry navigates challenges and embraces innovation, the story of public utility buses continues to unfold, reflecting the ever-evolving tapestry of transportation in the archipelago.